The third generation was designed to be used multiple times and permitted the customization of the substances found in the e-liquid. The evolution of the second generation brought devices with refillable e-liquid cartridges and batteries that could be replaced. The first generation of e-cigarettes were primarily designed for “one-time use” since they were not rechargeable or refillable. Overall, its main components remain unchanged and consist of a cartridge that contains a fluid, an atomizer that acts as a heating element to vapourize the e-liquid into an aerosol, a sensor that is required to turn on the device, and a battery that provides the current needed to heat the atomizer. Four generations of e-cigarettes have been developed so far ( Figure 1). These devices have been called several different names and were manufactured in a large range of shapes, sizes, and types. Since they were placed on the market, e-cigarettes have undergone major evolutions ( Figure 1). This document aims to provide an overview of the state of the art about the potential impact of e-cigarettes on female and male reproductive health. Moreover, with an increase in the prevalence of couples turning to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to conceive, the associated effect of e-cigarette utilisation on treatment outcomes needs to be examined. To date, studies assessing the impact of e-cigarette utilisation on human reproduction are limited. It was also demonstrated that the addition of flavorings increased the toxicity of e-cigarette vapour in a significant manner. However, e-cigarette utilisation (vaping) has already shown to negatively affect general health, with adverse effects on respiratory systems, autoimmune systems, and liver functions. Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) were used by conventional cigarette smokers as an alternative and an aid in the conventional cigarette smoking cessation process. Therefore, cigarette smoking cessation is largely recommended by professionals to individuals experiencing fertility issues. Environmental and lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking, are known to have adverse effects on gamete quality and cause reproductive disruption. Infertility is acknowledged by the WHO as a public health issue that affects 186 million people worldwide. This document reviews the data regarding the impact of e-cigarette use on male and female reproduction. The prevalence of e-cigarette usage is alarming, and warnings should be made about the impact of vaping on reproductive health. However, the effects observed in animal models suggest that caution should be taken when vaping and that more research needs to be conducted to identify its potential adverse effects on fertility. The information available was mainly obtained from studies conducted in animal models, and investigations in humans are scarce. Although toxins were measured at much lower levels in e-cigarette aerosols compared to smoke from a conventional cigarette, there are concerns about their potential impact on male and female reproduction. The effects of these toxicants on male and female reproduction are well established in conventional cigarette smokers. The heat generated by the e-cigarette leads to the oxidation and decomposition of its components, eventually forming harmful constituents in the inhaled vapour. E-cigarettes contain nicotine, and the addition of flavorings increases the toxicity of e-cigarette vapour in a significant manner. More than 80 compounds were detected in liquids and aerosols. The composition of the fluid is not always clearly defined and shows a large variation within brands and manufacturers. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often considered a “safe substitute” for conventional cigarette cessation.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |